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Loeys-Dietz syndrome 2(LDS2)

MedGen UID:
382398
Concept ID:
C2674574
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Aortic aneurysm, familial thoracic 3; LDS2; Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 1B; Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 2B; Marfan like connective tissue disorder; Marfan Syndrome type 2; Marfan syndrome, type 2 (formerly); MARFAN SYNDROME, TYPE II; MFS 2; TGFBR2-Related Loeys-Dietz Syndrome; TGFBR2-Related Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections
 
Gene (location): TGFBR2 (3p24.1)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0012427
OMIM®: 610168

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is characterized by vascular findings (cerebral, thoracic, and abdominal arterial aneurysms and/or dissections), skeletal manifestations (pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum, scoliosis, joint laxity, arachnodactyly, talipes equinovarus, and cervical spine malformation and/or instability), craniofacial features (hypertelorism, strabismus, bifid uvula / cleft palate, and craniosynostosis that can involve any sutures), and cutaneous findings (velvety and translucent skin, easy bruising, and dystrophic scars). Individuals with LDS are predisposed to widespread and aggressive arterial aneurysms and pregnancy-related complications including uterine rupture and death. Individuals with LDS can show a strong predisposition for allergic/inflammatory disease including asthma, eczema, and reactions to food or environmental allergens. There is also an increased incidence of gastrointestinal inflammation including eosinophilic esophagitis and gastritis or inflammatory bowel disease. Wide variation in the distribution and severity of clinical features can be seen in individuals with LDS, even among affected individuals within a family who have the same pathogenic variant. [from GeneReviews]
Full text of GeneReview (by section):
Summary  |  Diagnosis  |  Clinical Characteristics  |  Differential Diagnosis  |  Management  |  Genetic Counseling  |  Resources  |  Molecular Genetics  |  Chapter Notes  |  References
Authors:
Bart L Loeys  |  Harry C Dietz   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Loeys-Dietz syndrome-2 (LDS2) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder characterized by hypertelorism, cleft palate or bifid uvula, and arterial tortuosity. Arterial aneurysms are aggressive, with intracranial aneurysms leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage, and risk of aortic dissection is high (summary by Law et al., 2006, Chung et al., 2014). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Loeys-Dietz syndrome, see LDS1 (609192).  http://www.omim.org/entry/610168
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Loeys-Dietz syndrome is a disorder that affects the connective tissue in many parts of the body. Connective tissue provides strength and flexibility to structures such as bones, ligaments, muscles, and blood vessels.

There are five types of Loeys-Dietz syndrome, labelled types I through V, which are distinguished by their genetic cause. Regardless of the type, signs and symptoms of Loeys-Dietz syndrome can become apparent anytime from childhood through adulthood, and the severity is variable.

Individuals with Loeys-Dietz syndrome often have skeletal problems including premature fusion of the skull bones (craniosynostosis), an abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis), either a sunken chest (pectus excavatum) or a protruding chest (pectus carinatum), an inward- and upward-turning foot (clubfoot), flat feet (pes planus), or elongated limbs with joint deformities called contractures that restrict the movement of certain joints. A membrane called the dura, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord, can be abnormally enlarged (dural ectasia). In individuals with Loeys-Dietz syndrome, dural ectasia typically does not cause health problems. Malformation or instability of the spinal bones (vertebrae) in the neck is a common feature of Loeys-Dietz syndrome and can lead to injuries to the spinal cord. Some affected individuals have joint inflammation (osteoarthritis) that commonly affects the knees and the joints of the hands, wrists, and spine.

Loeys-Dietz syndrome is characterized by enlargement of the aorta, which is the large blood vessel that distributes blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The aorta can weaken and stretch, causing a bulge in the blood vessel wall (an aneurysm). Stretching of the aorta may also lead to a sudden tearing of the layers in the aorta wall (aortic dissection). People with Loeys-Dietz syndrome can also have aneurysms or dissections in arteries throughout the body and have arteries with abnormal twists and turns (arterial tortuosity).

People with Loeys-Dietz syndrome may bruise easily and develop abnormal scars after wound healing. The skin is frequently described as translucent, often with stretch marks (striae) and visible underlying veins. Some individuals with Loeys-Dietz syndrome develop an abnormal accumulation of air in the chest cavity that can result in the collapse of a lung (spontaneous pneumothorax) or a protrusion of organs through gaps in muscles (hernias). Other characteristic features include widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), eyes that do not point in the same direction (strabismus), a split in the soft flap of tissue that hangs from the back of the mouth (bifid uvula), and an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate).

Individuals with Loeys-Dietz syndrome frequently develop immune system-related problems such as food allergies, asthma, or inflammatory disorders such as eczema or inflammatory bowel disease.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/loeys-dietz-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Arachnodactyly
MedGen UID:
2047
Concept ID:
C0003706
Congenital Abnormality
Abnormally long and slender fingers (spider fingers).
Clubfoot
MedGen UID:
3130
Concept ID:
C0009081
Congenital Abnormality
Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).
Pes planus
MedGen UID:
42034
Concept ID:
C0016202
Anatomical Abnormality
A foot where the longitudinal arch of the foot is in contact with the ground or floor when the individual is standing; or, in a patient lying supine, a foot where the arch is in contact with the surface of a flat board pressed against the sole of the foot by the examiner with a pressure similar to that expected from weight bearing; or, the height of the arch is reduced.
Syndactyly
MedGen UID:
52619
Concept ID:
C0039075
Congenital Abnormality
Webbing or fusion of the fingers or toes, involving soft parts only or including bone structure. Bony fusions are referred to as "bony" syndactyly if the fusion occurs in a radio-ulnar axis. Fusions of bones of the fingers or toes in a proximo-distal axis are referred to as "symphalangism".
Postaxial polydactyly
MedGen UID:
67394
Concept ID:
C0220697
Congenital Abnormality
Polydactyly refers to the occurrence of supernumerary digits and is the most frequent of congenital hand and foot deformities. Based on the location of the extra digits, polydactyly can be classified into preaxial, involving the thumb or great toe; postaxial, affecting the fifth digit; and central, involving the 3 central digits. Postaxial polydactyly (PAP) is further subclassified into 2 types: in type A, a well-formed extra digit articulates with the fifth or a sixth metacarpal, whereas in type B, a rudimentary, poorly developed extra digit is present (summary by Umm-e-Kalsoom et al., 2012). Genetic Heterogeneity of Postaxial Polydactyly Other forms of postaxial polydactyly type A include PAPA2 (602085) on chromosome 13q21; PAPA3 (607324) on chromosome 19p13; PAPA4 (608562) on chromosome 7q22; PAPA5 (263450) on chromosome 13q13; PAPA6 (615226), caused by mutation in the ZNF141 gene (194648) on chromosome 4p16; PAPA7 (617642), caused by mutation in the IQCE gene (617631) on chromosome 7p22; PAPA8 (618123), caused by mutation in the GLI1 gene (165220) on chromosome 12q13; PAPA9 (618219), caused by mutation in the CIBAR1 gene (617273) on chromosome 8q22; and PAPA10 (618498), caused by mutation in the KIAA0825 gene (617266) on chromosome 5q15.
Brachydactyly
MedGen UID:
67454
Concept ID:
C0221357
Congenital Abnormality
Digits that appear disproportionately short compared to the hand/foot. The word brachydactyly is used here to describe a series distinct patterns of shortened digits (brachydactyly types A-E). This is the sense used here.
Protrusio acetabuli
MedGen UID:
98369
Concept ID:
C0409495
Anatomical Abnormality
Intrapelvic bulging of the medial acetabular wall.
Absent distal phalanges
MedGen UID:
396111
Concept ID:
C1861339
Finding
Aplasia (absence) of the distal phalanges.
Patent ductus arteriosus
MedGen UID:
4415
Concept ID:
C0013274
Congenital Abnormality
In utero, the ductus arteriosus (DA) serves to divert ventricular output away from the lungs and toward the placenta by connecting the main pulmonary artery to the descending aorta. A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the first 3 days of life is a physiologic shunt in healthy term and preterm newborn infants, and normally is substantially closed within about 24 hours after bith and completely closed after about three weeks. Failure of physiologcal closure is referred to a persistent or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Depending on the degree of left-to-right shunting, PDA can have clinical consequences.
Patent foramen ovale
MedGen UID:
8891
Concept ID:
C0016522
Congenital Abnormality
Failure of the foramen ovale to seal postnatally, leaving a potential conduit between the left and right cardiac atria.
Atrial septal defect
MedGen UID:
6753
Concept ID:
C0018817
Congenital Abnormality
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital abnormality of the interatrial septum that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum.
Mitral valve prolapse
MedGen UID:
7671
Concept ID:
C0026267
Disease or Syndrome
One or both of the leaflets (cusps) of the mitral valve bulges back into the left atrium upon contraction of the left ventricle.
Bicuspid aortic valve
MedGen UID:
57436
Concept ID:
C0149630
Congenital Abnormality
Aortic valve disease-2 (AOVD2) is characterized by bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and dilation of the ascending aorta. Calcification of the valve and the aorta has been observed, and some patients exhibit coarctation of the aorta (Tan et al., 2012; Luyckx et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of aortic valve disease, see AOVD1 (109730).
Pulmonary artery aneurysm
MedGen UID:
57839
Concept ID:
C0155676
Anatomical Abnormality
An aneurysm (severe localized balloon-like outward bulging) in the pulmonary artery.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
MedGen UID:
56524
Concept ID:
C0162871
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormal localized widening (dilatation) of the abdominal aorta.
Bicuspid pulmonary valve
MedGen UID:
87493
Concept ID:
C0344987
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of a bicuspid pulmonary valve.
Dilatation of the ductus arteriosus
MedGen UID:
584787
Concept ID:
C0398357
Anatomical Abnormality
Ductus arteriosus aneurysm (DAA) is a saccular dilatation of the ductus arteriosus. DAA can be either congenital or acquired (e.g. as a complication of surgical closure of a patent ductus arteriosus). Although the majority of patients with congenital DAA are asymptomatic and have a benign course, severe complications, such as rupture or thromboembolism, can occur. DAA is likely to emerge in the third trimester from the aortic junction of the DA, extending towards its pulmonary end.
Ascending tubular aorta aneurysm
MedGen UID:
163631
Concept ID:
C0856747
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormal localized widening (dilatation) of the tubular part of the ascending aorta.
Aortic arch aneurysm
MedGen UID:
852900
Concept ID:
C0856748
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormal localized widening (dilatation) of the aortic arch.
Aortic root aneurysm
MedGen UID:
720712
Concept ID:
C1298820
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormal localized widening (dilatation) of the aortic root.
Descending thoracic aorta aneurysm
MedGen UID:
730531
Concept ID:
C1388233
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormal localized widening (dilatation) of the descending thoracic aorta.
Generalized arterial tortuosity
MedGen UID:
322965
Concept ID:
C1836651
Finding
Abnormal tortuous (i.e., twisted) form of arteries affecting most or all arteries.
Ascending aortic dissection
MedGen UID:
322966
Concept ID:
C1836653
Disease or Syndrome
A separation of the layers within the wall of the ascending aorta. Tears in the intimal layer result in the propagation of dissection (proximally or distally) secondary to blood entering the intima-media space.
Arterial tortuosity
MedGen UID:
480821
Concept ID:
C3279191
Finding
Abnormal tortuous (i.e., twisted) form of arteries.
Descending aortic dissection
MedGen UID:
868484
Concept ID:
C4022878
Disease or Syndrome
A separation of the layers within the wall of the descending aorta. Tears in the intimal layer result in the propagation of dissection (proximally or distally) secondary to blood entering the intima-media space.
Dilatation of the cerebral artery
MedGen UID:
1386760
Concept ID:
C4476540
Anatomical Abnormality
The presence of a localized dilatation or ballooning of a cerebral artery.
Dilatation of mesenteric artery
MedGen UID:
1381896
Concept ID:
C4476552
Anatomical Abnormality
Abnormal outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the inferior mesenteric artery or superior mesenteric artery .
Carotid artery dilatation
MedGen UID:
1393749
Concept ID:
C4476554
Anatomical Abnormality
A dilatation (balooning or bulging out of the vessel wall) of a carotid artery.
Dilated left subclavian artery
MedGen UID:
1614246
Concept ID:
C4531247
Anatomical Abnormality
Abnormally increased caliber of the left subclavian artery.
Disproportionate tall stature
MedGen UID:
323048
Concept ID:
C1836996
Finding
A tall and slim body build with increased arm span to height ratio (>1.05) and a reduced upper-to-lower segment ratio (<0.85), i.e., unusually long arms and legs. The extremities as well as the hands and feet are unusually slim.
Eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus
MedGen UID:
1637185
Concept ID:
C4703646
Finding
Infiltration of numerous eosinophils (usually greater than 15 per high power field) into the squamous epithelium of the esophagus, and layering of eosinophils on the surface layer of the esophagus.
Chiari malformation
MedGen UID:
2065
Concept ID:
C0003803
Congenital Abnormality
Chiari malformation consists of a downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils and the medulla through the foramen magnum, sometimes causing hydrocephalus as a result of obstruction of CSF outflow.
Hydrocephalus
MedGen UID:
9335
Concept ID:
C0020255
Disease or Syndrome
Hydrocephalus is an active distension of the ventricular system of the brain resulting from inadequate passage of CSF from its point of production within the cerebral ventricles to its point of absorption into the systemic circulation.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Dural ectasia
MedGen UID:
377094
Concept ID:
C1851712
Finding
A widening or ballooning of the dural sac surrounding the spinal cord usually at the lumbosacral level.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Craniosynostosis syndrome
MedGen UID:
1163
Concept ID:
C0010278
Disease or Syndrome
Craniosynostosis refers to the premature closure of the cranial sutures. Primary craniosynostosis refers to the closure of one or more sutures due to abnormalities in skull development, and secondary craniosynostosis results from failure of brain growth.
Inguinal hernia
MedGen UID:
6817
Concept ID:
C0019294
Finding
Protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
Umbilical hernia
MedGen UID:
9232
Concept ID:
C0019322
Anatomical Abnormality
Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.
Micrognathia
MedGen UID:
44428
Concept ID:
C0025990
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.
Osteoporosis
MedGen UID:
14535
Concept ID:
C0029456
Disease or Syndrome
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility. According to the WHO criteria, osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that lies 2.5 standard deviations or more below the average value for young healthy adults (a T-score below -2.5 SD).
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Scoliosis
MedGen UID:
11348
Concept ID:
C0036439
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Spondylolisthesis
MedGen UID:
52470
Concept ID:
C0038016
Disease or Syndrome
Spondylolisthesis is defined as forward slipping of a vertebral body on the one below it. Spondylolysis is defined as a defect in the pars interarticularis without vertebral slipping (summary by Wiltse et al., 1975).
Joint contracture of the hand
MedGen UID:
56382
Concept ID:
C0158113
Finding
Contractures of one ore more joints of the hands meaning chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in non-bony tissue.
Pectus carinatum
MedGen UID:
57643
Concept ID:
C0158731
Finding
A deformity of the chest caused by overgrowth of the ribs and characterized by protrusion of the sternum.
Camptodactyly
MedGen UID:
195780
Concept ID:
C0685409
Congenital Abnormality
The distal interphalangeal joint and/or the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers or toes cannot be extended to 180 degrees by either active or passive extension.
Joint hypermobility
MedGen UID:
336793
Concept ID:
C1844820
Finding
The capability that a joint (or a group of joints) has to move, passively and/or actively, beyond normal limits along physiological axes.
Malar flattening
MedGen UID:
347616
Concept ID:
C1858085
Finding
Underdevelopment of the malar prominence of the jugal bone (zygomatic bone in mammals), appreciated in profile, frontal view, and/or by palpation.
Abnormal sternum morphology
MedGen UID:
349830
Concept ID:
C1860493
Anatomical Abnormality
An anomaly of the sternum, also known as the breastbone.
Pectus excavatum
MedGen UID:
781174
Concept ID:
C2051831
Finding
A defect of the chest wall characterized by a depression of the sternum, giving the chest ("pectus") a caved-in ("excavatum") appearance.
Spontaneous pneumothorax
MedGen UID:
57701
Concept ID:
C0149781
Disease or Syndrome
Pneumothorax occurring without traumatic injury to the chest or lung.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Bifid uvula
MedGen UID:
1646931
Concept ID:
C4551488
Congenital Abnormality
Uvula separated into two parts most easily seen at the tip.
Striae distensae
MedGen UID:
57541
Concept ID:
C0152459
Acquired Abnormality
Thinned, erythematous, depressed bands of atrophic skin. Initially, striae appear as flattened and thinned, pinkish linear regions of the skin. Striae tend to enlarge in length and become reddish or purplish. Later, striae tend to appear as white, depressed bands that are parallel to the lines of skin tension. Striae distensae occur most often in areas that have been subject to distension such as the lower back, buttocks, thighs, breast, abdomen, and shoulders.
Dermal translucency
MedGen UID:
373141
Concept ID:
C1836646
Finding
An abnormally increased ability of the skin to permit light to pass through (translucency) such that subcutaneous structures such as veins display an increased degree of visibility.
Soft skin
MedGen UID:
336730
Concept ID:
C1844592
Finding
Subjective impression of increased softness upon palpation of the skin.
Ectopia lentis
MedGen UID:
41704
Concept ID:
C0013581
Congenital Abnormality
Dislocation or malposition of the crystalline lens of the eye. A partial displacement (or dislocation) of the lens is described as a subluxation of the lens, while a complete displacement is termed luxation of the lens. A complete displacement occurs if the lens is completely outside the patellar fossa of the lens, either in the anterior chamber, in the vitreous, or directly on the retina. If the lens is partially displaced but still contained within the lens space, then it is termed subluxation.
Proptosis
MedGen UID:
41917
Concept ID:
C0015300
Disease or Syndrome
An eye that is protruding anterior to the plane of the face to a greater extent than is typical.
Exotropia
MedGen UID:
4613
Concept ID:
C0015310
Disease or Syndrome
A form of strabismus with one or both eyes deviated outward.
Hypertelorism
MedGen UID:
9373
Concept ID:
C0020534
Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).
Blue sclerae
MedGen UID:
154236
Concept ID:
C0542514
Finding
An abnormal bluish coloration of the sclera.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Donkervoort S, Bonnemann CG, Loeys B, Jungbluth H, Voermans NC
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2015 Mar;169C(1):23-42. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31433. PMID: 25821091
Stheneur C, Collod-Béroud G, Faivre L, Gouya L, Sultan G, Le Parc JM, Moura B, Attias D, Muti C, Sznajder M, Claustres M, Junien C, Baumann C, Cormier-Daire V, Rio M, Lyonnet S, Plauchu H, Lacombe D, Chevallier B, Jondeau G, Boileau C
Hum Mutat 2008 Nov;29(11):E284-95. doi: 10.1002/humu.20871. PMID: 18781618

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Braverman AC, Mittauer E, Harris KM, Evangelista A, Pyeritz RE, Brinster D, Conklin L, Suzuki T, Fanola C, Ouzounian M, Chen E, Myrmel T, Bekeredjian R, Hutchison S, Coselli J, Gilon D, O'Gara P, Davis M, Isselbacher E, Eagle K
JAMA Cardiol 2021 Jan 1;6(1):58-66. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4876. PMID: 33052376Free PMC Article
Donkervoort S, Bonnemann CG, Loeys B, Jungbluth H, Voermans NC
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2015 Mar;169C(1):23-42. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31433. PMID: 25821091

Diagnosis

Braverman AC, Mittauer E, Harris KM, Evangelista A, Pyeritz RE, Brinster D, Conklin L, Suzuki T, Fanola C, Ouzounian M, Chen E, Myrmel T, Bekeredjian R, Hutchison S, Coselli J, Gilon D, O'Gara P, Davis M, Isselbacher E, Eagle K
JAMA Cardiol 2021 Jan 1;6(1):58-66. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4876. PMID: 33052376Free PMC Article
Donkervoort S, Bonnemann CG, Loeys B, Jungbluth H, Voermans NC
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2015 Mar;169C(1):23-42. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31433. PMID: 25821091

Prognosis

Braverman AC, Mittauer E, Harris KM, Evangelista A, Pyeritz RE, Brinster D, Conklin L, Suzuki T, Fanola C, Ouzounian M, Chen E, Myrmel T, Bekeredjian R, Hutchison S, Coselli J, Gilon D, O'Gara P, Davis M, Isselbacher E, Eagle K
JAMA Cardiol 2021 Jan 1;6(1):58-66. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4876. PMID: 33052376Free PMC Article

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